Reuters/Susana Vera (think IN pictures @1WORLD Community)
Ct1Mahani | SitiWanMahani - Mahkamah rayuan persekutuan telah memutuskan bahawa penulis blog dan orang-ramai mempunyai perlindungan yang sama Pindaan Pertama sebagai wartawan apabila didakwa fitnah. Sekiranya isu itu menjadi kebim-bangan orang ramai, pihak yang menuntut perlu membuktikan kecuaian untuk meme-nangi kes itu.
“Ia bukan satu hak yang khas untuk media berita,” katanya. “Jadi ia adalah sesuatu yang baik untuk blogger dan wartawan warganegara dan lain-lain,” Gregg Leslie, Jawatankuasa Wartawan untuk Kebebasan Akhbar, memberitahu AP.
Keputusan mahkamah persekutuan datang selepas suatu perbicaraan baru dalam satu kes fitnah: sebuah kebankrapan pemegang amanah Oregon plaintif terhadap seorang penulis blog Montana yang menulis di Internet yang pemegang amanah jenayah dikendalikan dengan betul kes muflis.
Pada tahun 2011, Crystal Cox, seorang blogger dari Montana telah didakwa oleh peguam Kevin Padrick dan syarikatnya, Obsidian Kewangan Group LLC, berikutan siarannya mendedahkan penipuan yang dikatakan itu, rasuah, pengubahan wang haram dan kegiatan jenayah lain yang dijalankan oleh obsidian. Ia harus diperhatikan bahawa Padrick tidak adalah seorang tokoh awam, jadi fakta didedahkan oleh Cox tidak boleh mengenakan kerosakan reputasi kepadanya.
Padrick dan obsidian memenangi kes itu, dan telah diberikan $ 2.5 Juta.
Cox ditangani mahkamah rayuan, dan disertai oleh undang-undang UCLA profesor Eugene Volokh, yang mendapat tahu tentang kes beliau dan menawarkannya untuk mewakili beliau sebagai seorang peguam di mahkamah.
“Oleh kerana blog post Cox dialamatkan suatu perkara kebimbangan orang-ramai, walau-pun menganggap bahawa Gertz adalah terhad kepada ucapan itu, mahkamah daerah harus telah mengarahkan juri bahawa ia tidak dapat mencari Cox atas fitnah kecuali ia mendapati bahawa dia cuai,” Hakim Andrew Hurwitz menulis untuk 3 panel hakim ke-9 AS Litar Mahkamah Rayuan.
“Kami berpegang bahawa liabiliti untuk blog post fitnah melibatkan perkara kebim-bangan orang ramai tidak boleh dikenakan tanpa bukti bersalah dan sebenar ganti rugi,” katanya.
Eugene Volokh, yang menulis rencana mengenai isu ini, menyatakan bahawa kes ini memastikan blogger mempunyai hak Pindaan Pertama yang sama seperti pekerja media profesional.
“Terdapat telah duluan sama sebelum mengenai kumpulan penyokong, penulis-penulis lain dan penulis buku. Ini berikutan rantaian agak mantap duluan. Saya percaya ia adalah persekutuan tahap mahkamah rayuan pemerintah pertama yang terpakai kepada penulis blog,” kata Volokh.
Plaintif, bagaimanapun, tidak bersetuju dengan keputusan itu dan kecewa dengan keputusan itu.
“Kenyataan palsu dan fitnah Cik Cox telah menyebabkan kerosakan yang ketara kepada pelanggan kami, dan kami menilai pilihan kami berhubung keputusan mahkamah itu,” AP dilaporkan Steven Wilker, seorang peguam untuk obsidian dan Padrick, sebagai berkata.
Isu menentukan istilah “Wartawan” telah di atas meja untuk masa yang lama.
Pada tahun 1974, Gertz v Robert Welch Inc kes menandakan permulaan perbahasan tahap perlindungan negeri untuk angka awam atau swasta.
Pada September 2013, jawatankuasa Senat Amerika Syarikat mengundi 13-ke-5 awal hari untuk meluluskan S.987, bil bertujuan untuk melindungi anggota-anggota akhbar dari pencerobohan kerajaan dan “mengekalkan aliran maklumat yang bebas kepada orang ramai.”
Undang-undang ini meliputi blogger dan freelancers kedua-dua dibayar dan belum dibayar yang bekerja dengan “niat utama untuk menyiasat kejadian dan mendapatkan bahan untuk menyebarkan kepada berita atau maklumat awam.”
Bloggers, public have First Amendment protection – US court
A federal appeals court has ruled that bloggers and the general public have the same protection of the First Amendment as journalists when sued for defamation. Should the issue be of public concern, the claimant has to prove negligence to win the case.
"It's not a special right to the news media," he said. "So it's a good thing for bloggers and citizen journalists and others," Gregg Leslie, of the Reporters Committee for the Freedom of the Press, told AP.
The federal court’s ruling came after a new trial in a defamation case: an Oregon bankruptcy trustee was the plaintiff against a Montana blogger who wrote on the Internet that the trustee criminally mishandled a bankruptcy case.
In 2011, Crystal Cox, a blogger from Montana was sued by attorney Kevin Padrick and his company, Obsidian Finance Group LLC, following her posts disclosing the alleged fraud, corruption, money-laundering and other criminal activities carried out by Obsidian. It should be noted that Padrick is not a public figure, so the facts exposed by Cox couldn’t inflict reputational damage on him.
Padrick and Obsidian won the case, and were granted $2.5 million.
Cox addressed the court of appeals, and was joined by UCLA law professor Eugene Volokh, who found out about her case and offered her to represent her as an attorney in court.
"Because Cox's blog post addressed a matter of public concern, even assuming that Gertz is limited to such speech, the district court should have instructed the jury that it could not find Cox liable for defamation unless it found that she acted negligently," Judge Andrew Hurwitz wrote for a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.
"We hold that liability for a defamatory blog post involving a matter of public concern cannot be imposed without proof of fault and actual damages," he added.
Eugene Volokh, who wrote an article on the issue, stated that the case ensures that bloggers have the same First Amendment rights as professional media workers.
"There had been similar precedents before concerning advocacy groups, other writers and book authors. This follows a fairly well established chain of precedents. I believe it is the first federal appeals court level ruling that applies to bloggers," Volokh said.
The plaintiff, however, disagreed with the decision and was disappointed with the ruling.
"Ms. Cox's false and defamatory statements have caused substantial damage to our clients, and we are evaluating our options with respect to the court's decision," AP reported Steven Wilker, an attorney for Obsidian and Padrick, as saying.
The issue of defining the term “journalist” has been on the table for a long time.
In 1974, the Gertz v. Robert Welch Inc. case marked the beginning of the debate on the level of state protection for public or private figures.
In September 2013, the US Senate committee voted 13-to-5 early Thursday to approve S.987, a bill meant to protect members of the press from government intrusion and “maintain the free flow of information to the public.”
The legislation covered bloggers and freelancers both paid and unpaid who work with the "primary intent to investigate events and procure material in order to disseminate to the public news or information."
READ MORE: http://on.rt.com/l0u3ay
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